Nonton Film The Myth (2005) Subtitle Indonesia Streaming Movie Download. Want create site? Find Free WordPress Themes and plugins. Download Film Terbaru, Download Film The Myth, Download Subtitle Indonesia The Myth, Film The Myth, Layarkaca21, Movie Streaming, Nonton Film Gratis. Download full movie The Myth (2005) Sub Indonesia Download, Streaming XX1 2018 subtitle indonesia full HD bluray mp4, nonton film online secara gratis tanpa harus ke.the myth- 2010-subtitle indonesia.
Corrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:deveco:v:97:y:2012:i:2:p:368-386. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Dana Niculescu). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/devec .
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the 'citations' tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.
Agroforests are often assumed to be the best strategy for governments and cocoa smallholders in terms of environmental protection and ecological services as a result of biodiversity and in terms of income diversification, especially in West and Central Africa (Herzog 1994; Greenberg 1998; Dury et al. 2000; Gockowski et al. 2004; Gockowski and Sonwa 2008; Schroth et al. 2004; Rice and Greenberg 2000; Asare 2005; Asare and Asley Asare 2009; Schroth and Harvey 2007; Sonwa et al. 2007; Sonwa and Weise 2008; Asare et al. 2008;). Yet, at least since the 1980s, in major cocoa producing countries such as Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia, many cocoa smallholders have opted for full sun or very light shade strategies (de Row 1987; Ruf 1995, 2001; Hanak Freud et al. 2000; Kazianga and Sanders 2006). The debate about the future and possible decline of agroforests and their replacement by pure stands of tree crops, either rubber, oil palm or damar, is now underway in Indonesia (where the concept of agroforest was born) (Ruf et al. 1999; Belcher et al. 2005; Potter 2004; Kusters et al. 2008; Rist et al. 2009). Monoculture oil palm is clearly more profitable than jungle rubber, which it is rapidly replacing (Geisler and Penot 2000; Feintrenie et al. 2010). Using the case of damar in Indonesia, Kusters et al. (2008) showed that “developing new agroforests now often means destroying protected forest.” More importantly, their response to the key question of whether agroforests will vanish is that while old damar agroforests may disappear, new ones will be established.
In the case of cocoa, with possible extrapolation to other commodity-based agroforests, I aim to demonstrate here that cocoa agroforests have already started to vanish in West Africa (Ruf et al. 2006), and will likely continue to do so. However, the case of the West African cocoa agroforests differs from the case of damar in one major way: in the first stage, complex agroforests are replaced by full sun plantations. In the second stage, new agroforestry systems may well emerge from full sun plantations but they will be much less complex than the old agroforests, In fact they will have little in common with the old complex cocoa agroforests.
I first address the issue of why for the past 20–40 years the majority of West African cocoa smallholders are moving towards full sun plantations by examining the main determining factors of the choice of “full sun,” which appears to be close to monoculture, and how this choice varies from country to country.